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GM trees


hazards posed by genetically engineered trees are somewhat more serious than those presented by such crops.




this because trees live longer than agricultural crops, and this means there may be changes not covered by your metabolism many years after being planted.

So far the debate on genetically modified organisms, also called GM-has focused primarily on agricultural crops and only to a lesser extent genetically modified trees. This is understandable, given that are already commercially planted GM crops such as corn and soybeans, which are intended to feed directly or indirectly to human beings, which constitutes a potential threat to their health.

However, that does not eat, does not mean that GM trees are less dangerous. By contrast, The hazards of GM trees are somewhat more serious than those presented by crops such as trees live longer than agricultural crops, and this means there may be unforeseen changes in your metabolism many years after they are planted.

For example, is already working on genetically engineered trees that do not flower, with the supposed aim of preventing possible contamination of natural trees with pollen from GM. The problem is that no one can say that 20 or 30 years after planting, one of the thousands or millions of GM trees can flourish and contaminate to normal trees of the same species, returning to their offspring sterile. The impact would mean on the species and the forest as a whole could be devastating.

On the other hand, the tree pollen can be carried by wind for long distances. This means that trees can easily become contaminated by GM pollen to trees located at great distances and to generate serious impacts on forests. For example, a transgenic radiata pine resistant to insect attack planted in Chile may eventually contaminate the pines of the same species in their home in the U.S., can wipe out a wide range of insects and have major impacts about food chains attached to them.

In the case of willows and poplars, is known the ability of different species cross each other, so that a genetically engineered species could contaminate many other species and pass on undesirable characteristics in terms of ecosystem functioning.

Despite the uncertainties and potential risks, scientists are still playing with genes to "improve" the trees. Of course they really do is change some of the characteristics of the trees to better serve the interests of those who fund their research, particularly large companies related to forestry, in order to improve the profitability of the businesses involved.

But from a biological perspective there is no improvement. Is it a tree with less lignin better or worse than a normal one? Is clearly worse, given the resulting loss of structural strength, making it susceptible to serious damage during wind storms.

Is "improvement" herbicide-resistant tree? It is not, because it allows extensive herbicide spraying that affects the soil where the tree, while destroying the local flora and impacts on wildlife and people's health. What use is having a tree no flowers, no fruits and no seeds to living beings, including humans? Do not provide food for numerous species of insects including bees include honey-birds and other species that depend on them for food. Is it an improvement in a tree with insecticidal properties? Is a danger to many species of insects which in turn are part of major food chains.

From an environmental perspective, transgenic trees are a very dangerous step and it is necessary to examine those who are driving and for what. In that sense, the forest industry has historically been more interested in adapting forests - received from his vision business as "untidy" and "unproductive" - \u200b\u200btheir commercial interests. It was then assigned to scientists and foresters with the task of "improving."

The answer was to establish plantations of single species in straight rows equidistant to obtain the maximum amount of wood per hectare. Thus forests and grasslands began to be progressively destroyed and replaced by monoculture timber producers exclusively.

But that was not enough forest and took various measures to "improve" these monocultures. The first step was to investigate what were the most appropriate trees for each country and for each environment and select the ones with better qualities for the intended purpose: the production of industrial wood. The United Nations Organization for Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) had a central role in this regard, first defining these plantations as "forests" and basing the need to promote the planting of such "forests" in countries South. But the role of FAO does not stop there, but promoted the research on species considered suitable for planting, especially eucalyptus, and was one of the main vehicles to convince governments about the desirability of promoting this these plantations in their countries.

From the results of the first plantations were then selecting the most suitable species, especially taking into account rapid growth, straight stems, few and thin branches and adequate wood for industry.

The second step involved the gradual adoption of the whole package of the Green Revolution, also sponsored by the FAO: the increasing mechanization of forestry work, application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides to control pests and herbicides to prevent competition from other plants with trees planted.

The next stage was the traditional breeding to "improve" performance of plantations in terms of timber yield, which was soon followed by hybridization and cloning of the "best" trees. From this reductionist perspective, obviously the next step was genetically modified trees.

is important to note that the implementation of that model increasingly artificialised tree planting fast-growing large-scale has been accompanied by increasingly strong opposition and widespread local communities that were affected by it because of its serious social and environmental impacts.

However, despite this opposition and despite the potential dangers resulting from genetic manipulation of trees, scientists are continuing their investigations not only in the laboratory and controlled trial level but also in the field, as illustrated by the case of China, which already has planted well over a million insect-resistant transgenic poplar by inserting genes from a bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis).

But research is not limited to poplar, but a large number of species (willow, elm, fir, walnut, etc.), Of which, how could it be otherwise, are the favorite businesses bins: eucalyptus and pine.

This is not accidental, because precisely the pulp industry and the paper is one of the main stakeholders, and funding research into GM trees and aims to replace its existing tree plantations "normal"-if the existing plantations can be categorized as "normal - cloned transgenic trees:

- grow faster
- content more cellulose and less lignin
- are resistant to herbicides
- are resistant to insects and fungi
- are resistant to drought and low temperatures
-

not bloom the same time, the cellulose industry as the sector fuels, is also investigating the possibilities of genetic manipulation of trees and enzymes to convert cellulose into liquid fuel, ethanol, which could be used to replace oil in transport. This could result in the installation of huge plantations of GM trees-poplar, willow, eucalyptus and others, which would be transformed into pulp wood and this in turn converted with the help of enzymes in ethanol-GM also.

genetic manipulation of trees with these and other objectives are being carried out in many industrialized countries such as Germany, Australia, Canada, China, Spain, USA, Finland, England, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal and Sweden. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile are the countries most involved in this issue.

In the case of Brazil, research has focused on eucalyptus and have already been approved, with certain limitations, field trials of genetically modified trees of that species. In this case, the central objective is to provide more, cheaper and better raw material for pulp industry for export. Thus, the most wanted features are: fast growth, a higher percentage of cellulose and herbicide tolerance glyphosate.

In Chile, the research aims to solve two problems facing large enterprises in the forestry sector in the country. On the one hand, manipulate pine to become resistant to an insect that is attacking plantations (the pine shoot moth). Moreover, genetically modified eucalyptus to make them more resistant to cold and power and then extend the plantations, which are being actively resisted by the Mapuche, farther south and higher up the mountain.

However, it is important to note that all these investigations, both within and outside the region concern us all, as the trees are now being handled in New Zealand or Chile or any other country may be soon the trees that are planted in Uruguay, or Colombia, or South Africa or Indonesia.

is important that everyone knows GM tree plantations will only exacerbate all the impacts of current monoculture. In fact, faster growing trees quickly exhaust the water, there will be further destruction of biodiversity in the biological deserts of trees modified to be resistant to insects and have no flowers, fruit and seeds, will destroy the soil at a faster rate by increasing the extraction of biomass, mechanization intensive eliminate more jobs and increased use of pesticides affect the health of people and ecosystems and livelihoods will be removed more communities to be displaced to make room for even more "green deserts."

It is thus crucial that all organizations and communities who today oppose the expansion of monoculture tree plantations to join the fight against GE trees to prevent that threat from becoming reality. In this regard, a number of organizations have launched an international campaign to ban the release of transgenic trees, which can be incorporated tod @ s who interested in this activity.
www.ecoportal.net
More information:

World Rainforest Movement - Southern Hemisphere
http://www.wrm.org.uy

Global Justice Ecology Project STOP GE Trees Campaign - Northern Hemisphere
http:/ / www.stopgetrees.org/
can access this document in pdf format at: http://www.wrm.org.uy/temas/AGM/documento_AGM.pdf
People who are interested in more information on GM trees be informed that the WRM has published a book, a special newsletter and a series of articles on this topic. All this is available on our website at:

http://www.wrm.org.uy/temas/biotecnologia.html
Moreover, this section is also possible to access a video (in English) and more relevant information on the subject.

of biofuels in transport reached 10% in 2010, but now have to revise this target.

poor countries of the EU may pollute more than the rich
The EU Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas acknowledged this morning that the EU did not foresee the problems that may cause the policy to achieve that percentage. Recent studies have shown that the widespread cultivation of plants-cereals, mainly for fuel, contributing to increased grain prices and the destruction of forests for areas cultivated.

therefore Dimas promised that the EU will offer a new policy to ensure that its objectives are no more harmful than beneficial. For Dimas, it is preferable not to reach that goal attain harming the poor or the environment.

a couple of years ago, biofuels seemed the way out of dependence on fossil fuels and excessive CO2 emissions. On the one hand, there is no need to modify the engines of cars and other plants used to produce fuel absorb CO2 as they grow then emit when burned, so they are considered neutral fuels. On this basis, the EU adopted its policy.

However, since then there have been studies that warn that some biofuels barely contribute to cutting emissions, while production may involve the destruction of forested areas to ensure fields are known to increase food prices, among other things.

"We have seen that the environmental problems caused by biofuels and the social problems they cause are older than we thought, so we will act with more care," Dimas told the BBC. In particular, the EU has said it will propose a certification scheme for biofuels to ensure that no harmful come from farms, and a clampdown on fuel from palm oil, which causes deforestation in Indonesia.

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The EU will review its policy on biofuels for the harm caused

Few believe in biofuels
María Elena Navas
BBC Science

Despite the criticism, the U.S. and Europe support the use of biofuels.

Biofuels are the least favored by experts to combat climate change.
That's the opinion of over a thousand scientists and delegates from 105 countries at the UN conference on climate change in Bali, Indonesia.

Between 18 technologies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions over the next 25 years, the fuels produced from agricultural crops are the lowest potential.

Technology favored by specialists is solar energy.

The survey, released in Bali was carried out by the environmental organization World Conservation Union (IUCN its acronym in English) and the World Bank.

The document also reveals that experts call for giving greater emphasis to the protection of biodiversity.

"This is the first survey of several that we will continue over the next two years," he told BBC News Julia Marton-Lefèvre, IUCN director general.

"The results show that for the experts, sustainable development and biodiversity are very important factors in combating climate change. "

" This shows that beliefs are not always reflected in the negotiations, "said the official.



Technology
is expected that climate change conference the international community to commit to a new plan two years leading to further reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases.

This would put into effect when the current Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012.

As experts say, based on this new challenge and response the world to climate change is technology.

But until now, nobody knows for sure what technology to adopt.


technology favored by experts is solar.
is why the IUCN asked more than 1,000 scientists, government representatives and nongovernmental organizations gathered in Bali, what is the technology they trust the most.

Of 18 technologies suggested by IUCN, the current generation of biofuels remained at the bottom of the list.

Only 21% of experts believed that these fuels "have the potential to reduce carbon levels in the atmosphere without unacceptable side effects in the next 25 years."

40% believe in the potential of nuclear energy next generation, currently under development.

and solar energy for hot water and electricity is the most favored sustainable technology, with a vote of 74% of the experts. More study



"We need to study more how to use biofuels," says an official of the IUCN.

"For we have seen that we can not use biofuels without considering the needs of the poor and their access to land," he adds.

Experts generally believe that improving energy efficiency and reducing demand could produce more benefits to the sources "clean" energy. The

survey contradicts the efforts of the United States and the European Union seeking to increase the use of biofuels.

We can not use biofuels without considering the needs of the poor and their access to land

Julia Marton-Lefèvre, IUCN Director General
Recent scientific evidence however states that they can only produce only marginal savings compared to conventional fuel and diesel.

And as has been demonstrated in Indonesia, forests are being felled for palm oil cultivation for biofuel production.

According to scientists, the evidence shows that leaving forests intact resulting in higher profits and at the same time protecting biodiversity.

"A big problem we have is that climate change negotiations never talk about biodiversity," says Julia Marton-Lefèvre.

"But this survey shows that the experts for biodiversity protection should guide efforts to combat climate change," he says.


little faith

Perhaps the most telling response to the survey is that even though experts say that climate change is the determinant of their professional activities, only 27% believe it is likely to reach agreement for 2009 . On the possible

components of a global agreement post Kyoto Protocol in 2012, a large majority (92%) favors the inclusion of all major carbon emitters in the world.


The conference intends to launch a two-year plan to reduce emissions further.
addition, 84% of respondents believe that rich countries must commit to provide support for technology transfer to developing countries to enable them to meet their goals.

77% believe that these goals should be mandatory and 76% believe it should be different types of commitment depending on the level of development of each country.

The conference is discussing a reduction emissions between 25 and 40% by 2020.

is an option that supports the European Union, but the United States, Australia, Canada and Japan are opposed to the inclusion of specific targets.

Perhaps that is why there is little hope that consensus can be achieved in the next three days.

"Certainly we achieve agreements that will now be the most important and for that we all expect the U.S. election," says Julia Marton-Lefèvre.

"Because we all know that without the U.S. commitment can not do much when we talk of a global system of emissions reduction."

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forró Then the guy and great song that followed this release with rappers autosatírica funky, Pivones, hip-hop rhythm and grant Dr. Pepper:

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Few believe in biofuels carbon

Coal Use Rises Dramatically Despite Impacts on Climate and Health

In 2006, coal accounted for 25 percent of world primary energy supply.1 (See Figure 1.) Due to its high carbon content, coal was responsible for approximately 40 percent of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels, despite supplying only 32 percent of fossil fuel energy.2 Management of this plentiful but heavily polluting energy resource has tremendous implications for human welfare, the health of ecosystems, and the stability of the global climate.

World coal consumption reached a record 3,090 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2006, an increase of 4.5 percent over 2005.3 (See Figure 2.) China led world coal use with 39 percent of the total. The United States followed with 18 percent. The European Union and India accounted for 10 percent and 8 percent, respectively.4 (See Figure 3.)

In terms of growth, China is even more dominant. The increase in China's coal consumption accounted for more than 70 percent of global growth in 2006 and more than 60 percent of the increase in world coal use over the past decade. India, responsible for just over 10 percent of the growth in the last 10 years, ranks a distant second.5

According to preliminary data, five new coalfired generators with a combined capacity of 600 megawatts came online in the United States in 2006, while India added 930 megawatts of capacity.6 In startling contrast, China brought online about as much coal power capacity each week as the United States and India together did over the entire year, adding an unprecedented 90 gigawatts in 2006.7 Several studies have highlighted the uncertainty of China's energy statistics, however.8 For example, some of the capacity reportedly added is likely to have been unauthorized projects completed earlier that were retroactively approved in 2006.9 Nonetheless, the magnitude and trend of China's capacity additions and associated appetite for energy from coal are certain.

Worldwide, the extraction and combustion of coal have severe health and environmental impacts. In the United States, 47 workers were killed in coal mine accidents in 2006, while China's State Work Safety Supervision Administration reported a staggering 4,746 deaths.10 And the pollution emitted by coal-burning power plants and factories affects the health of millions of people. A recent World Bank study identified coal combustion as China's largest source of outdoor air pollution, to which it attributed 350,000–400,000 premature deaths a year.11 Though these numbers were censored by Chinese authorities, at other times officials have acknowledged that coal power plants often do not comply with environmental regulations.12

Even in the United States, which is far ahead of China in terms of pollution control, the struggle to control hazardous emissions from coal power plants continues. In October, American Electric Power agreed to a record environmental enforcement settlement that requires the company to reduce annual sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions by over 800,000 tons. The resulting improvement to air quality is expected to produce health benefits worth $32 billion per year.13

The longevity of coal-fired power plants and the abundance of coal suggest that decisions on new capacity made today will have enduring consequences. The average age of currently operating U.S. plants is 47 years, indicating that plants built today are likely to remain in operation for many decades.14 Coal's abundance is apparent in reserve-to-production ratios, which based on current extraction rates exceed 200 years in the United States and India.15 The figure in China is roughly 50–70 years, with an estimated total coal resource that allows room for plenty of reserve growth.16

Recent forecasts of world coal consumption in 2050 range from 2,900 Mtoe in a scenario published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), which assumes adoption of a stringent, worldwide carbon policy, to 10,700 Mtoe in a business-as-usual scenario published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).17 Meeting any climate stabilization target will require control of coal emissions.18 Nicholas Stern, who led an influential study on the economics of climate change, says that "unless we get coal under control, we're not going to be able to solve this problem."19 After reaching this same conclusion, numerous studies identify carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) as a way to reconcile coals importance as an energy resource with its role as a major contributor of CO2 emissions.20

Carbon capture and sequestration from a coal-fired power plant involves four key steps: isolate a relatively pure stream of CO2 from the combustion source, pressurize the captured gas and transport to the storage site, inject the CO2 into the storage reservoir, and monitor the storage reservoir for stability and leakage.21 Each of these steps is already used in some commercial applications, mostly in oil and natural gas production and processing operations.

One project stands out for having successfully integrated all four steps, albeit not on a power plant. The Great Plains Synfuels plant in North Dakota produces synthetic natural gas from lignite coal. Since 2000, the facility also captures CO2 from the "synthesis gas," an intermediate product, compresses that CO2, and transports it 300 kilometers by pipeline to the Weyburn oil field. There the flow of CO2, currently about 8,000 tons per day, is injected into the oil field to enhance oil production. A measurement study headed by the IEA concluded that the CO2 injected at Weyburn will be sequestered there for thousands of years.22

The overall climate benefit of this particular project is marred by the fact that the extra oil production it enables, an estimated 130 million barrels, will itself release over 50 million tons of carbon dioxide when burned.23 Future CCS aquifers rather than active oil fields in order to provide the scale of benefit required. The technology needed is not significantly different, but the project economics are currently much more challenging.

With the technical feasibility of CCS largely proved by Great Plains Synfuels and other demonstration projects, cost is the largest single factor preventing the deployment of this technology. Initial interest focused on applying CCS to advanced power plants known as an integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) plants in anticipation of a lower overall project cost. An IGCC plant converts solid coal into a synthetic gas, from which CO2 can be more easily extracted, and then uses that gas to produce electricity with relatively high efficiency. It is estimated that electricity produced by an IGCC power plant equipped with carbon capture will cost 35 percent more than electricity from a conventional plant. Adding CCS to a conventional power plant could increase the cost of electricity by upwards of 60 percent.24 Transport, injection, and monitoring of the CO2 will push these price premiums even higher. Thus without a sizable cost applied to carbon emissions, CCS is prohibitively expensive.

At present, cost estimates for coal-fired power plants equipped with CCS include a high degree of uncertainty, however. If and when the various CCS processes are commercialized, the technology that offers the lowest cost option will almost certainly vary from one project to the next, depending on many factors, including the quality of coal and whether the plant is new construction or a retrofit.25

Numerous research and development projects are working to reduce costs, and demonstration projects have been proposed in Europe, North America, Australia, and China.26 The U.S. Department of Energy suggests that large-scale units may be completed around 2020, but an MIT study published this year finds current programs to commercialize carbon sequestration to be "completely inadequate," highlighting the need for further demonstration "at-scale" and advanced measurement, monitoring, and verification of storage.27 Pilot operations scheduled to come online in 2007/08 may validate certain capture technologies, but the most aggressive proposals for at-scale applications of integrated CCS to coal-fired power plants target 2011/12.28 In the meantime, each new coal plant will be a major source of additional CO2 emissions.

Growing acknowledgement of the climate, health, and environmental consequences of coal use have led to mounting political opposition to new coal plants in the United States and Europe. A European Union commitment to reduce CO2 emissions at least 20 percent by 2020 presents a formidable obstacle to any new coal power there that does not incorporate CCS.29 Though a similar U.S. commitment has not been made, Senate majority leader Harry Reid recently took a stand against new coal power plants, and the state of California effectively banned state utilities from building new plants without CCS.30 In mid-2007, the uncertain outlook for coal power resulting from burgeoning anti-coal activism was cited by Citigroup analysts in their decision to downgrade the stocks of all coal companies.31

On a global scale, the declining fortune of coal in industrial countries is overshadowed by its dominance in the energy mix of large developing economies. In China and India, coal maintains a preeminent role in plans to meet sustained, rapid growth of energy demand.32 A true reconciliation of the coal resource and the climate risk that it presents must soon confront coal power on its new home turf.