Washington D.C viernes, 31 de agosto de 2007
por Paulina Novo
La producción de biocombustibles líquidos esta llamando la atención tanto de inversionistas privados como de los países desarrollados y los países del Sur por diversas razones. Entre estas esta el mitigar los efectos of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, promise to stimulate rural development and their providing security and energy independence. Now, with these studies, the two effective ways, in terms of cost and efficiency in the production of biofuels as an article of buying and selling is ethanol made from sugarcane, followed by biodiesel made from vegetable oils. In the United States most biodiesel production are soybean and corn ethanol. The model example of the biofuels industry, or biofuels as they are commonly called, is Brazil, which produces a considerable percentage of their energy products through biofuels.
Production in Brazil is 4,000 million gallons of ethanol annually. 
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Thus, Brazil has proven to be the leader in the area, especially in the production of ethanol from sugarcane. The use of ethanol in Brazil in the area of \u200b\u200btransportation is extremely high. 80% of the demand for ethanol use in the world comes from Brazil and the United States. The percentage of biofuels to replace gasoline is 40% in Brazil and 3% in the U.S.. Europe also has a large-scale and mainly produces biodiesel from canola. The interest of several countries in Latin America has increased considerably in recent two years.
[2] However, according to research conducted by the Management Assistance Program of the World Bank Energy Sector (ESPAM for its acronym in English) the example of Brazil is constantly used as a key model. However, not based on reality and it's a model difficult to replicate by the climatic and technological advances, specific to their conditions, achieved in over 25 years experience with the ethanol program and very specific factors the region. Still, even indisputable breakthrough has been achieved, it would be irresponsible to ignore the obstacles that had to overcome. Thus, ethanol production should respond to more than one question about the cost effectiveness of independent, ie without the use of heavy subsidies and their actual contribution to emissions of greenhouse gases following the formula "from the source to the wheel ", ie from harvesting, including the use of pesticides to the time that takes the user. production of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil
cane production requires intensive use of water. In the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where more than half the arable land used for sugarcane production, enjoy competitive advantage of natural watered by rain. However, the cost-benefit analysis demonstrates the infeasibility of the initiative, if it requires artificial irrigation. Of the 500 varieties of cane, only used 20 types of sugarcane in ethanol production. This area has been a huge increase in the production of genetically modified sugar cane varieties that are resistant to many pests. The diversification of types of cane is key to the strategy for the control of different pests and diseases in the cultivation of sugarcane. The south central region of Brazil has the highest productivity and lowest cost of production while the northwest has very low productivity and high costs, this is because the soil is not good and need more human resources. Likewise, industry cane planting in general working conditions and salaries are deplorable. According to the Advocacy Center for Citizenship and Human Rights Marçal de Souza Tupã-i, in Brazil, working sugar mills has been described as degrading work "by the unhealthy conditions in which the natives perform the activities and for feeding and housing conditions to which they are subjected during the period of work while sleeping in the sugar plantations. "
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addition to not offer a true when dealing with rural development in low-wage jobs, the biofuels industry also brings negative economic impacts and social conflicts. After the first oil crisis of 1973-1974, as a direct result of the incentives in the form of credits provided for the construction of refineries and up to 75 percent of subsidies where the main beneficiaries were the major producers of biofuels, there was a large expansion in the areas of cane for production, while it reached a level of overproduction. This has occurred through the acquisition of land from small farmers who planted food crops. Thus, subsidies under the program Proalcool (pro-Alcohol) to biofuel crops made uncompetitive food producers. This, in turn, brought heavy clashes between farmers who had been forced off their land to large landowners who sometimes occupied or delimit their land beyond their property rights.
[4] production of biofuels, especially in the first 10 years, was accompanied by numerous problems. There were many negative social and environmental impacts, including pollution of rivers and fish kills as a result of dumping the waste from the vines (in the production of 1 liter Ethanol is produced between 10 and 15 liters of vinasse), problems of poor conditions of workers in industry, contamination of the area by burning waste fields and competition with other food and agriculture.
sugar cane plantation. Source: Human Rights Watch
Sometimes, as happened in 1988, sugar prices rose sharply and the government opened the industry to export. The following year there was a lack of domestic supply for the manufacture of ethanol leading to the government to allow imports of the same, making Brazil the largest importer ethanol. Despite the problem of fiscal funds brought Proalcool subsidies, the government was forced to continue with its implementation because otherwise the industry would have faced serious damage. In addition to the guarantees and subsidies, loans were granted to public and state guarantees to farmers and ethanol processing industries. However, the payment of these loans became a problem. An interdepartmental commission created for this purpose found that only the debt to the Banco do Brasil was 2,500 million and estimated that the subsidy meant unpaid debts from 1999-2000 was $ 0,049 U.S. dollars per liter (or 20% final price per gallon of ethanol).
[5] In 1989, there was the peak of ethanol production in Brazil to 11 million cubic meters fell to 5.1 in 2000 and continued to decline until 2004. Oil prices and government efforts to maintain strong national currency converted to ethanol in a product incompetent in terms of cost. Also, the sugar export market has a strong impact on the supply of ethanol, with supply problems when the price of sugar rises.
[6] Even in the case of Brazil we are talking about a highly volatile market. For example, in both recent months biofuels have been economically viable, however, a few months ago, Brazil recorded losses in the production thereof. Some analysts speculate that ethanol production in Brazil has been the cause of the prices of the grasses and grains for ethanol and biodiesel production went up. In the case of Brazil, biofuel production based on sugarcane production is the most economically viable. Brazil has been able to produce ethanol, due to climatic conditions and the developed technology. The premise that uses both the biofuels industry, as the U.S. government, is that this model be replicated other countries to achieve energy independence. Senator Maria Cantwell, D is the State of Washington, said Brazil's example showed that biofuels were the only way to break the addiction to imported oil, " [7] . However, more needs to find places where this might be feasible from an economic standpoint. In Latin America, in fact, has been very little research on economic and agricultural viability of biofuel production that would suggest that efficient production so they even approach the effectiveness of producing ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil.
Cambio Climático y la formula “De la fuente a la rueda” Fuente: Diario Hoy El tema de los biocombustibles es un tema candente en materia económica y de energéticos y cada vez más polémico en el tema social y del medio ambiente. Hay quienes han enmarcado este debate dentro del debate del cambio climático, comúnmente conocido como calentamiento global. El Tratado marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el cambio climático y su precedente el Protocolo de Kyoto, contemplan el intercambio de emisiones de carbono a través del Mecanismo para el Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) dentro del cual se pueden adquirir créditos de carbono mediante la construcción de proyectos verdes in other countries.
This is an incentive for the development of such projects. In this case, depending on the technology, there are cases where the formula from the source to the wheel (well to wheel in English) to work and carbon emissions have a positive figure for the reduction of global warming. According to Todd Johnson, a specialist in energy and former director of World Bank Climate Change, in fact the formula is positive if it does not take into account all the pesticides and the process from planting to the transportation of the same. This is very important, especially compared to the millions of dollars invested in technology and their manufacture. In an interview with the Berkeley Daily Planet Miguiel Professor Dr. Altieri and Holt-Giménez, Director of Food First, in February 2006 spoke of the energy balance is bleak. In addition, stated that "according to investigations of Patzek and Pimentel see serious results can be negative in the production of biofuels. Other researchers see a return of 1.2 to 1.8 for ethanol in their best estimates. "
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The Biofuels and their impacts Among the communities and NGOs from North and South have raised many concerns about the negative impacts of model and assumptions proposed by the industry producing biofuels that particularly affect developing countries. Among these issues is the redirection of water for these crops, food security and sovereignty, the agricultural frontier expansion, soil erosion, social impacts because of the "rural development, land use and deforestation, among many other concerns .
One of the most spoken, which not only affects the viability and efficiency of the production of biofuels, especially ethanol from sugarcane, is the need for intensive irrigation of these crops. It is important not to redirect the use of water for food crop cultivation for the production of biofuels. The issue of using water as a resource to cater to the people and not the other car was a topic discussed during the World Water Conference in Stockholm. Johan Kuylenstierna, Director of the Conference, said that governments and companies are discussing the issue of biofuels as a solution, should consider issues related to water use.
A major concern with this issue is security and food sovereignty. The use of grains for animal consumption and for biofuels can potentially jeopardize the security there is sufficient food production the world's population, particularly when it comes to basic consumer product, such as corn or soybeans. Another related issue is the rising prices of these same commodities. With mass production and industrialized in the model you are working today for biofuel production have been rising and some products, as was the case of maize. Here in the United States lobbying of large industrial agriculture are colliding with their counterparts working for the meat industry, whose price has gone up as a direct result.
Another major concern is the expansion of the agricultural frontier into the Amazon. The "Explanation" that the Amazon is not endangered by the expansion of the sugar industry due to invalidate its planting in the forest, is a fallacy, steel, Mr Roberto Smeraldi of Friends of the Earth Amazonia. At present, sugarcane is cultivated in the regions of Sao Paulo, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, southeast and south central Brazil, thanks to the natural conditions of the region. The shank can be irrigated by rain and an ideal climate. One argument used to argue that there will be an expansion of cane cultivation in the Amazon jungle is not natural conditions for cultivation, because the cane needs también tres meses de sequía, pero la realidad ha demostrado que hay tipos de caña de muy alta calidad que se pueden cultivar en la Amazonia. Cerca de Manaus, por ejemplo, hay una empresa cañera que suple de azúcar a la Coca-Cola local y la empresa sembró una excelente calidad de caña. Además, cabe resaltar, que recientemente esta empresa recibió una multa del gobierno por las condiciones de esclavitud en las que tenía a sus trabajadores. Sin embargo, decir que la Amazonía no está en peligro directo por la expansión directa de plantíos de caña es tal vez verdad, por razones de costos, más que de viabilidad. Lo que no descarta la posibilidad de que la caña pueda entrar a la selva misma. Sin But as Mr Smeraldi there are other immediate hazards directly associated with the mass production of biofuels, the vicious cycle of planting soybeans and the incentives for multilateral and the country itself to expanding the agricultural frontier into the Amazon. "We are very concerned in Brazil for the use of soil quality including the Amazon and are sites of high importance for biodiversity," said Alcides Faria, Director of the Brazilian organization Ecoa. This expansion is what the proponents of biofuels called "development" rural and contraction of new jobs. This process is already underway with the help of loans World Bank livestock industry and tanneries have been awarded as incentives to promote the move livestock in the region of Sao Paulo to the Amazon.
rural "development" is the name given to the expansion of the fully productive agricultural land leading to erosion of them through the planting of orchards destructive of the riches of the soil such as sugar cane plantations , which opens the door to a strong immigration by creating jobs for cheap labor, which has strong impacts on local communities. Historically, sugar cane plantations were known for being a hard working, poorly paid and high levels of abuse of human rights and labor. This rural "development" promises to create jobs both in processing and in the planting. Experience with the conditions of the sugarcane plantations have historically been deplorable, where a low wage slave with no benefits or protection. In the words of the Lord Vellutini, Vice President of the Department of Environment and Infrastructure of the IDB, in the case of biofuels, the environment was the least worried, which was very worried about "the conditions of workers." He referred to past experience where he said he had worked with the laborers of "cold food" in Brazil and that he was very concerned about this issue in relation to the ethanol industry.
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The land use is an important issue because every acre we move towards the savannah, the rainforest, wildlife or any other area rich in biodiversity is a loss that you go beyond the amount of land but that affects the whole chain of life on the planet and makes an impression difficult to calculate in terms of major impact on biodiversity. Should also be included in the formula of profit from the use of biofuels on climate change, the loss of forests as a result of the expansion forests and agricultural cycles and created incentives for other crops such as sugarcane, which can then be used to harvest crops for biofuels.
Investment International Financial Institutions (IFIs)
The ESPAM conducted a joint study with the United Nations Program for Development to investigate and make a recommendation about the use and production potential of biofuels in the short and medium term in developing countries. The study is entitled
Potential for Biofuels for Transport in Developing Countries, 2005 (currently only available in English) was made by Masami Kojima and Todd Johnson. This paper suggests that the model of Brazil in terms of biofuel production, is, today, a short-term model is difficult to reproduce, both by weather conditions and by the specific technology that is needed. In its economic analysis of biofuel production and marketing
[10] suggests that depending on the crop and technology, it is possible to produce biofuels to help reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. However, it warns that in order to deduce whether this is the best investment, you have to take into account the opportunity cost each step, which, in many cases does not seem efficient investment. Johnson concluded that there is no evidence that biofuels contribute positively to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, or that are economically profitable. He said that is why biofuels industry requires heavy subsidies, as in the seventies in Brazil. [11] Thus, according to the same words of Mr. Johnson, on the recommendation of its study, the World Bank and is currently investing or recommend investment in biofuels to its member countries. The study was not well received or by biofuel-producing countries, mainly Brazil and the United States, much less by the industry. Even when the summary of his report appears between the lines warn of potential impacts and the difficulty of their economic viability, as explained by Johnson are obvious, "the terrible political pressures to which his team came under" pressure from mainly governments of Brazil and the United States. Given the socio-environmental and economic, Johnson, and energy specialist from the World Bank and head of economic studies and environmental impact of biofuels, today does not recommend that the World Bank or the Central American countries and Latin America to invest in biofuels. He also stressed that there is no doubt that the industry will need large subsidies. The large U.S. agribusiness lobby and will be seeking more production subsidies by governments. other hand, former World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz, while still at the Bank, said the more efficient production and the future of biofuels is in the production of cellulose (production of biofuels from bagasse cane). However, according to the analysis performed by specialists are years away from having the right technology to produce cellulose. Wolfowitz himself acknowledged the problems to which the industry faces. In a speech before the U.S. Congress praised the "scope of the ethanol industry but warned that while other countries if they should find a similar energy independence, Brazil's success does not mean that one can achieve equal success in other places" [12]
. However
Johnson noted that there is a difference between the terms of biofuels and bioenergy, the Bank is interested in further study.
Despite the recommendations of spam, and even the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD, the Bank Group World biofuels are not investing in the IFC, the International Finance Corporation, part of the World Bank Group and the Inter-American Development Bank if they are investing The Inter-American Development Bank and Biofuels. IDB Projects:
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[1] * IDB Biofuels Projects 30 Aug 2007 [doc, 34 KB] In April this year the Bank Development announced support for a target investment of 3,000 million dollars for private sector projects for biofuels.
[14] En realidad estos números nos dan la idea equivocada; el BID no estará financiando esta cifra pero contribuirá por medio del sector privado del BID en asociación con otras inversiones privadas. Durante una entrevista con el nuevo Vicepresidente de Infraestructura y Medio Ambiente, el señor Roberto Vellutini, antes parte del sector privado del BID, dijo que en realidad el Banco no tenía todos estos fondos designados para los biocombustibles y que la inversión actual del BID se limitaba a fondos de apoyo para levantar y complementar la inversión de inversionistas privados para expandir la capacidad de producción.
El Banco esta trabajando en varios proyectos de estudio en Centroamérica, con la financiación de 3 projects producing cane sugar mills which have a total cost of $ 570 million, "the IDB, to be co-financier, will invest only 30%. In early August, Moema project was approved, a proposed $ 40 million. The $ 570 billion for the project Moema and 3 new projects called "greenfields" Minha two Gerais and one in Mato Grosso do Sul The Bank will invest in 10 additional projects. There is also a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between Brazil and the United States for development in the biofuels area, resulting from the tour of President George Bush
Latin America in March 2007. Co nformidad with the agreement between the United States and Brazil to transfer technology to produce ethanol, it was decided to make an analytical study known as the "blueprint" of each country. Is a snapshot of the country where all factors are analyzed in order to determine the viability of each country. [15]
The "blueprint" was the first step is the basis for knowing what the next steps to take: it would, regulatory framework and access to public and private sector to adequately perform . The IDB currently working on sustainability in El Salvador, Dominican Republic and Haiti, in that order to conduct feasibility studies and assistance in many countries publica.Son Central America do not have oil, so they are subject to volatility in oil prices. There are many countries that want to enter the "age of ethanol, especially Guatemala and El Salvador, where there is already a regulatory framework.
According to a press release from the same bank, the Bank intends to support the goal that the Brazilian government has established to become the center of excellence for research and development of biofuels. The plans are also to transfer information and technical assistance from Brazil to other countries in the region as well, the Bank would play a facilitating role in these initiatives. Results Mesoamerican Biofuels Program co-organized by IDB-SG-SICA IDB President Mr. Luis Alberto Moreno, along with Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida and brother of the president of the United States of America, and Roberto Rodriguez, President Superior Council of Brazil and former Brazilian Agriculture Minister head the Interamerican Ethanol Commission. The Commission was born of a proposal submitted by Jeb Bush, President George Bush in April this year. The directors of the Commission were appointed by members of the Florida FTAA, which is the body that takes care of the Free Trade Area of \u200b\u200bthe Americas, and has its headquarters in Florida and that Jeb Bush is a member. "The proposal of former Governor is called "Ethanol Hemispheric Policy" which states that the United States must generate 15,000 million gallons of ethanol per year by 2015, almost 10% of current domestic demand for gasoline and twice that required by Policy Act Energy 2005 "
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, which means a huge new market for the agriculture industry and ethanol producers.
The Interamerican Ethanol Commission acts according to its mission "to promote awareness of the benefits of renewable fuels to economies throughout the Americas and contribute to the formation of a framework for a regional market for ethanol feasible, promoting the policy guidance needed to promote investment, both foreign and domestic production of renewable fuels and infrastructure.
[17] According to Jessica Fernandez, Public Relations representative of the Commission, this is a public-private partnership to promote ethanol in the Americas as a result of exchange as an alternative to the situation, "Oil and geopolitics the benefit it would bring to reducing CO2 emissions. " The commission is to publish a study on ethanol in cooperation with IICA (Inter American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture
[18] ). National Development Bank of Japan will help finance the distillery as customers will have exclusive Japanese markets. Investment in these distilleries, according to Pulo Roberto Costa, Petrobras executive could reach 200 million dollars each. Petrobras and Mitsu & Co. Ltd based open subsidiaries in Brazil. A project between Brazil and Japan with an investment of eight billion dollars will provide sugar cane ethanol to supply Japanese markets. Japan will require 1.8 billion to six million liters of ethanol per year, according to the objectives of 3 to 10% mix of ethanol and petroleum. Petrobras also announced the signing of a memorandum of understanding with Mitsubishi for a company to consider building a gas pipeline to help export ethanol to Japan [19] .
Private investment In 2004, George Bush stated that 20% of U.S. gasoline in 2017 would be supplemented with "alternative fuels" mainly ethanol and established as a national goal "to replace more than 75 % of our oil imports from Middle East in 2025 and has championed ethanol as a major source to achieve this objective. Even been given the nickname "Chief Developer" ethanol "
[20] . Not so surprising to find a big boost of lobbying by the agro-industry to continue pushing the issue of biofuels in the Agricultural Act of the United States. This creates a potentially huge market for agro-industry and so the interest in investing in the biofuels industry has grown in the United States and internationally in the last year
One of the largest companies in the industry created is a conglomeration of U.S. and Brazilian investors. Renewable Brazilian company Energy Company (Brenco) is based in Bermuda and headed by former World Bank President Mr. James Wolfensohn, AOL founder Steve Case, Vinod Khosla of Sun Microsystems investor and supermarket magnate Ron Burke which have formed a company will start with $ 240 million and try to capture a total investment of 2,000 million dollars. The company is headed by Philippe Reichstul, former president of the Brazilian Government's national company Petrobras. According to David Zylbersztanjn, one of its investors and former director of ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Natural Gas and Biofuels, Brazil), and daughter of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso's announcement the creation of this investment is "just a coincidence" with Bush's visit to Guatemala this past March. Brenco announced the results of a pilot project that produced small amounts of cellulose ethanol from bagasse at only 25 cents per liter and that they expected to produce 50,000 liters per day in 5 more years.
Petrobras and Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC for short) signed a memorandum of understanding between Petrobras and some Japanese companies. These companies are engaged in the production and sale of ethanol plants burn bagasse for energy production and opportunities sale of credits under the Clean Development Mechanism under Climate Change. Pure Biofuels Corporation announced in June this year the construction of its first plant in the Port of Callao in Lima, to begin in October 2007. The plant will have a capacity 52.000galones per year and is expected to start operating in early 2008. According to the founder and president of the company, Luis Goyzueta, this will be one of the largest biofuel plant in South America. The company has secured long-term lease of 60,000 hectares of land in eastern Peru, which will expand to 100,000 hectares in the following months. This fact produce biofuel palm and is located next to Pampilla refinery, the largest refinery in Peru. has memoranda of understanding for the sale of biofuels with distributors around the Port of Callao.
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other investment that has attracted public attention in a partnership similar to that of Novartis to UC Berkeley: it's the new contract for British Petrolium of 500,000 million for biofuels research . One of the criticisms heard is the use of public resources for the benefit of private industry and problems with academic freedom and principles academic, not to mention the environmental impacts. "This has been an issue that both students and academics describe as the prostitution of the university takes to keep an eye on science. Professor Ignacio Chapela of UC Berkeley described it as a "coup de grace" to the idea of \u200b\u200ba university should represent the public interest. " The reality is that dissatisfaction with this public-private partnership for the benefit of BP is both among academics and students. It is not just another form of subsidy to corporations but part of the campaign to legitimize the research conducted by industry for industry. Conclusion
No doubt that is necessary to find a sustainable model of alternative energy for the planet and long-term solutions that have the least negative impact. To reach this result it is essential not only to apply an appropriate model for each country and each region in an efficient and sustainable but also change the social and economic behavior with respect to energy consumption. You need to plan a regional infrastructure to a model where energy use is limited. International Financial Institutions and the leaders of the various governments should undertake independent studies to corporations and invest in infrastructure necessary to actually peoples. A clear example of the wrong model is IIRSA (Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America). This initiative is led by the IDB and other regional banks (CAF FONPLATA). IIRSA is based on an export model and extractive whose focus is on the construction of mega projects Does it make sense to build new roads instead of intercontinental electric trains, or wind energy when we are on the verge of an oil crisis? International Financial Institutions must take responsibility and build real sustainable alternatives infrastructure to prepare the region for a new energy era. The IDB should have a policy Energy exhaustive, where the search for a participatory and sustainable model for the region.
The issue of biofuels, even assuming and mitigate all adverse impacts, leaving open the question of economic viability. The argument that the model works is based on the Brazilian experience which has required substantial subsidies from the state. From this reasoning we can deduce that the industry pushes for even more public subsidies. The danger is that large agribusiness producers, not small will be the recipients of these subsidies.
Criticism of biofuels are not categorical but specific to the model proposed. Some argue that there is another type of biofuels which, if not an unlimited resource or a large multi-million dollar business is an interesting alternative to explore such as the use of recycled oil. For example, the oil used to fry potatoes in fast food restaurants as in the case of McDonalds in the UK where this year more than half its fleet used oil recycling the same restaurants instead of diesel.
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. Other alternatives that are the same that have been proposed to mitigate the effects of the green revolution. You can think of the viability of small-scale organic plantations of various crops that are efficient in each region. This combined with the use of different types of small-scale infrastructure to meet the needs of both local and solar energy, hydropower, wind, etc..
The issue of biofuels is a complex issue that should be explored in a cautious, independent of industry interests. It is clear that the intensive model of agriculture for biofuels raised by Brazil and the United States is not a solution sustententable for all countries in the region. Heavy investment by some banks and private investors are moving this machinery at a speed too fast. It is necessary to establish regulations and safeguards and that much remains to be investigated to determine the true economic and agricultural viability of the different types of biofuels, as well as their social, economic and environmental concerns in the different countries of the region.
[1]
Germain Valdivieso. December 12, 2006. "Launch Interamerican Ethanol Commission," by Germain Valdivieso, Diario de las Americas. Miami
http://www.diariolasamericas.com/news.php?nid=19187
[2] Masami Kojima and Todd Johnson in October 2005. "Potential for Biofuels for Transport in Developing Countries." World Bank. Washington DC
[3] Priscila Carvalho. March 21, 2005. "Wits alcohol and sugar cane offer degrading working conditions." Brazil. Http://www.adital.com.br/site/noticia.asp?lang=ES&cod=15775
[4] Kojima and Johnson 2005. World Bank. Washington DC
[5] David Luhnow and Geraldo Samor. Nov. 2006. "The successful bid by Brazil to reduce its dependence on the vagaries of Oil." Wall Street Journal Americas. Http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=25333
[6] Kojima and Johnson (2005) Op cit ..
[7] Dan Morgan. June 2005. "Brazil's Biofuel Strategy Pays Off as Gas Prices Soar." The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/17/AR2005061701440.html
[8] Miguel Altieri and Eric Holt-Gimenez, February 6.2007. "University of California's Biothech Benefactors" Berkeley Daily Planet. . Http://www.mindfully.org/GE/2007/UC-Biotech-Benefactors6feb07.htm
[9] Bank Information Center Interview with Roberto Vellutini, Inter-American Development Bank, August 7, 2007.
[10] Kojima and Johnson (2005: 6).
[11] Bank Information Center Interview with Todd Johnson, July 26.2007, World Bank, Washington, DC
[12] Alana Herro. June 8, 2006. "Biofuels Provides Opportunities for Developing Countries Woolfowitz says." World Watch Institute. Washington DC.
[13] [1] Bank Information Center Interview with Roberto Vellutini, Inter-American Development Bank, August 7, 2007.
[14] Press Release, Inter-American Development Bank, April 2, 2007. Washington DC
[15] Interview Bank Information Center with Todd Johnson, July 26, 2007, World Bank, Washington, DC
[16] Germain Valdivieso. December 12, 2006. "Launch Interamerican Ethanol Commission," by Germain Valdivieso, Diario de las Americas. . Miami http://www.diariolasamericas.com/news.php?nid=19187
[17] The Interamerican Ethanol Commission Press Release http://helpfuelthefuture.org/mediaroom-pressrelease December 18.2007 -dec18-spanish.htm
[18] IICA Website: http://www.iica.int/
[19] "Brazil-Japan Ethanol Investment worth $ 8 million. in ethanol. " March 5, 2007. Biopact. http://biopact.com/2007/03/brazil-japan-ethanol-investment-worth.html
[20] Interamerican Ethanol Commission. Http://helpfuelthefuture.org/ourhistory.htm
[21] Official Website Pure Biofuels, www.purebiofuels.com / home.html
[22] Nigel Hunt, 2007. "Fist fried, Then Vans: McDonald's to recycle oil." Reuters, UK. Sources Bank Information Center
www.semillas.org
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